ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CORONAVIRUS INFECTION DURING THE DISEASE AND IN THE POST-COVID PERIOD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35220/2078-8916-2023-48-2.13Keywords:
COVID-19, coronavirus infection, oral manifestations, periodontal diseases, oral mucosal diseases, questionnaireAbstract
In the context of the pandemic COVID-19 the oral cavity plays a special role in maintaining the human health. Purpose of the study. To determine oral manifestations of coronavirus infection during the disease and in the postcovid period according to the results of a survey of people who had COVID-19. Research methods. A special survey (questionnaire) was made in 424 people who had COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR, ELISA for specific IgM and IgG antibodies and Chest CT scan. Results. According to the results of the questionnaire, it was found that 68 people (16.0%) had asymptomatic COVID-19; 100 patients (23.6%) were with mild disease, 204 people (48.1%) – with moderate and moderate-severe disease (pneumonia without respiratory insufficiency) and 52 patients (12.3%) with severe COVID-19 were treated in a hospital with oxygen support. Deterioration of the oral cavity and lips during the disease (1–3 weeks) was noted by 97 people (22.9%). 188 people (44.3%) indicated xerostomia, dry mouth. In the first 2-3 weeks of the disease patients had dysgeusia (45,5%), muscle pain during chewing (11.3%), pain during swallowing (30.2%), burning and painful tongue (1.9%), tongue swelling (23.1%), catharal stomatitis (16.0%), gingival bleeding (9.9%), painful ulcers (aphthae) (8.5%) and signs of candidiasis – white plaque in the tongue (12.3%). After illness (1-6 months), patients indicated dry mouth (12.3%), progressing of gingivitis (20.7%) and periodontitis (11.3%) and such diagnoses: recurrent herpes labialis or recurrent herpetic gingivostomatitis – 27 cases, recurrent aphthous stomatitis – 22 cases, aphthosis Sutton – 4 cases, acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis – 13 cases, oral candidiasis – 14 cases, erythema multiforme – 10 cases, desquamative glossitis – 16 cases. Conclusions. Hyposalivation, vascular compromise, stress, immunodeficiency and reactivation of persistent viral and fungal infections in patients with COVID-19 disease are risk factors for progression of periodontal and oral mucosal diseases.
References
Tay, M. Z., Poh, C. M., Rénia, L., MacAry, P. A., & Ng, L. F. (2020). The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nature Reviews Immunology, 20(6), 363-374.
Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Krüger, N., Müller, M., Drosten, C., & Pöhlmann, S. (2020). The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells. BioRxiv, 2020-01.
Xu, H., Zhong, L., Deng, J., Peng, J., Dan, H., Zeng, X., & Chen, Q. (2020). High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. International journal of oral science, 12(1), 1-5.
Zou, X., Chen, K., Zou, J., Han, P., Hao, J., & Han, Z. (2020). Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Frontiers of medicine, 14, 185-192.
Li, G., Fan, Y., Lai, Y., Han, T., Li, Z., Zhou, P., & Wu, J. (2020). Coronavirus infections and immune responses. Journal of medical virology, 92(4), 424-432.
Shanti, R. M., Stoopler, E. T., Weinstein, G. S., Newman, J. G., Cannady, S. B., Rajasekaran, K., & Sollecito, T. P. (2020). Considerations in the evaluation and management of oral potentially malignant disorders during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Head & Neck, 42(7), 1497-1502.
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., & Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The lancet, 395(10223), 507-513.
Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., & Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061-1069.
COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. National Institutes of Health. Available at https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/ Accessed [insert date].
Iranmanesh, B., Khalili, M., Amiri, R., Zartab, H., & Aflatoonian, M. (2021). Oral manifestations of COVID‐19 disease: A review article. Dermatologic therapy, 34(1), e14578.
Paradowska-Stolarz, A. M. (2021). Oral manifestations of COVID-19: Brief review. Dental and medical problems, 58(1), 123-126.
Gupta, S., Mohindra, R., Singla, M., Khera, S., Sahni, V., Kanta, P., & Räisänen, I. (2022). The clinical association between Periodontitis and COVID-19. Clinical oral investigations, 2022. 1-14.
